Singunombolo eyodwa ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo, sikunikeza izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu embonini ekwenza uhlakaniphe negxathu elilodwa phambili kule makethe eguquka ngokushesha futhi incintisane.
Singunombolo eyodwa ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo, sikunikeza izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu embonini ekwenza uhlakaniphe negxathu elilodwa phambili kule makethe eguquka ngokushesha futhi incintisane.
Amapayipi amaningi we-40% wezitshalo zamandla angamapayipi okusetshenziswa komhlaba. Ukukhetha indlela yokuxhumeka efanele kungasiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kube nokukhulu
umthelela ezinzuzweni zezomnotho zephrojekthi yonke.
Imboni yokukhiqiza amandla e-United States ithuthuka ngokushesha, futhi nezinkampani ezakha nokuphatha izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi nazo ziyashintsha. Siyanda isibalo sezikhungo zokuphehla ugesi wemvelo, kanti namaphesenti ezindawo eziphehla ugesi ezweni ayanda. Imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo efana nomoya, amandla elanga namandla kagesi asebenzisa igesi yemvelo njengomthombo kaphethiloli.
Namuhla, izindleko eziphansi zezinto ezingavuthiwe zidale iphethini lapho imithombo eminingi kaphethiloli ilingana ngokulinganayo, futhi imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo iya ngokuya ithandwa. Umphumela osobala wokushintshelwa kwegesi yemvelo namandla avuselelekayo ukuthi i-United States inezimboni ezimbalwa kakhulu zamandla kagesi ezisebenza ngamalahle kunakuqala. Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, amalahle ayesebenzisa amandla cishe ama-75% ezinsiza. Namuhla, zingaphansi kuka-35% izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle.
Izici zokwakhiwa kwamandla kagesi nazo zenze ushintsho, futhi lezi zinguquko zithinte ukuqaliswa kwezizukulwane ezintsha nokulungiswa. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, izinkontileka zonjiniyela, zokuthenga nezokwakha (EPC) zivele nje embonini yokukhiqiza amandla. Kulezi zinsuku, izinkontileka ze-EPC zivame kakhulu, futhi izinkampani eziningi ngokwengeziwe zihlinzeka ngokulethwa kwephrojekthi yamanani entengo engaguquki endaweni yokuncintisana kakhulu.
Ukuthola izindlela zokwehlisa isikhathi sokusebenza esizeni nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokwakha sekuyingxenye yalokhu okusha okujwayelekile. I-EPC yakha idizayini ye-turnkey engakwazi "ukusika nokunamathisela" emsebenzini ozayo ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezilula. Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwalezi zinyathelo kuholele ekwehlisweni okukhulu kohlelo lwephrojekthi, okushintshe unomphela okulindelwe ngabanikazi bezimpahla. Namuhla, kungenzeka ukuqedela isizinda samandla kagesi ngeminyaka emibili nohhafu, uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka emihlanu edlule eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imboni ingakhiqiza ugesi iphinde ikhiqize imali engxenyeni yesikhathi.
Ngokombono womnikazi, isinqumo sokuvame ukukhipha amaphrojekthi sincike ekutheni iyiphi inkampani engakha ifektri ngokushesha okukhulu nangekhwalithi engcono kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule ngokushesha iye ekukhiqizeni nasekukhiqizeni imali. Ezinkampanini zokwakha, lokhu kukhulisa izigxobo futhi kunikeze inzuzo yokuncintisana ezinkampanini ezingahlangabezana nezinhlelo eziphuthumayo.
Yize izinguquko eziningi zenzekile embonini yokukhiqiza amandla kagesi, kodwa ezinye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlala zinjalo. Ezinkampanini zokwakha, abantu bahlala benethemba lokuhlinzeka ngokuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, ukuthembeka kanye nekhwalithi. Akunandaba ukuthi iphrojekthi ibhekana naziphi izinselelo, abanikazi banethemba lokuthi inkampani yokwakha izofinyelela imiphumela ngesikhathi nangesabelomali ngaphandle kokuyekethisa kulezi zidingo ezibalulekile.
Abanikazi bezitshalo zamandla bathatha izinqumo zokutshala imali kumaphrojekthi amasha nangenzuzo, futhi izikhungo eziningi zamandla zivame ukusebenzisa igesi yemvelo njengophethiloli. Ngokwedatha evela ku-US Energy Information Administration, eqoqe uchungechunge lwemininingwane evela embonini yamandla yase-US, izindleko zokwakha ezijwayelekile zezitshalo zamandla kagesi wemvelo ngonyaka wezi-2017 cishe zazingama-US $ 920 / kW. Lokhu kuphakeme kancane kunezindleko zokwakha indawo yokutshala ugesi eqhutshwa uketshezi lukaphethiloli, kepha kushibhile kakhulu kunokwakha ifektri eqhutshwa ngamandla avuselelekayo.
Ukuxhumeka kwepayipi elingaphezulu komhlaba kufana nokushisela. Noma ngubani owake wabamba iqhaza kumaphrojekthi kufaka phakathi i-welding uyazi ukuthi i-welding iletha izinselelo. Imvume yokusebenza eshisayo kufanele itholakale ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi, futhi ukufaka i-welding kudinga abasebenzi abanamakhono, okungelula ukuwathola ngaso sonke isikhathi, ikakhulukazi emakethe yanamuhla yezisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba i-welding incike esimweni sezulu, izimo ezinzima zizonciphisa intuthuko. Ezimweni ezomile nezinomoya, ukushisela imvamisa kudinga ukuqashwa komlilo, okusho ukuthi abasebenzi abengeziwe kufanele bathunyelwe esizeni futhi bangadala ukulimala.
Esikhundleni sokunamathela emsebenzini owenziwa kakhulu, kungaba ngcono ukwelula imeshini ebanzi futhi ucabangele ukusebenzisa izixhumi ezakhiwe ngomshini esikhundleni sokushisela. Emapayipi okusetshenziswa asetshenziswa emanzini ompompi, amanzi okupholisa, amasistimu omoya, ama-glycol ne-nitrogen systems, la mapayipi angabalelwa kuma-30% kuya ku-40% wezingxenye zamapayipi zalo msebenzi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamajoyini womshini obumbene (Umdwebo 1) kungaba Hola ukonga izindleko.
1. Amajoyinti ahlukanisiwe angonga izindleko eziningi futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamapayipi womphakathi phansi. Ngokuzithoba: Victaulic
Ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini okuhlanganisiwe kujwayelekile kakhulu ezinkampanini eziningi ze-EPC nezokwakha. Eminyakeni edlule, abantu abaningi basebenzise lobu buchwepheshe ekuvikeleni umlilo, ukufudumeza, ukungena komoya kanye nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya (HVAC). Osonkontileka bavame ukusebenzisa lezi zinhlanganisela ukukhulisa isivinini nokwethembeka, nokwenza ngcono ukuphepha. Ukufakwa kwesihlanganisi akudingi ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu noma izimvume zokushisa, ngakho-ke umfaki ngeke adalulwe ngentuthu noma ilangabi, futhi asikho isidingo sokubhekana nethangi lamanzi, ithoshi noma ukuhola ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka.
Ukuphathwa kwabasebenzi yingxenye ebalulekile yawo wonke amaphrojekthi wokwakha, futhi wonke umuntu embonini yezokwakha kumele abhekane nokushoda kwabasebenzi abanamakhono. ENyakatho Melika, ukuthola abantu abafanele abanamakhono adingekayo kube nzima, futhi ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi kunomthelela omubi ohlelweni lwephrojekthi.
Namuhla, ukushoda kwabasebenzi eNyakatho Melika kubi kakhulu kunakuqala, futhi asikho isixazululo sale nkinga. Iqiniso ngukuthi uma iphrojekthi iswele abasebenzi bemisebenzi esemqoka efana nokushisela, umthelela wephrojekthi uzoba mkhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlanganiswa kwemishini okwenziwe ngomshini kuyindlela entsha futhi engabizi kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-welding, lobu buchwepheshe bunezinzuzo ngoba abudingi ukucubungula okushisayo, azikho izimvume zokushisa, akukho iwashi lomlilo nama-X-ray, futhi ukwakheka okulula kwedivayisi yokuhlanganisa kungafakwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi esandla ajwayelekile.
Kwiphrojekthi esanda kwenziwa, amapayipi okufaka amapayipi angaphezu kuka-120 aqeqeshelwe ukufaka amalunga emishini engaphansi kwemizuzu engama-20. Leli thimba lokulungisa amapayipi lingaqalisa ngokushesha lonke iphrojekthi ngaphandle kwezingozi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngisho nakwabaqalayo, ukufaka istingting mechanical system kushesha okungu-50% kuye ku-60% kunokushisela (Umdwebo 2).
2. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-welding, isikhathi sokufakwa kwamajoyini we-slotted mechanical siyashesha futhi sisebenza kahle. Ngokuzithoba: Victaulic
Enye inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-mechanical grooved coupling ukuthi uhlelo lungenziwa kusengaphambili, olunganikeli ngokuvumelana komkhiqizo kuphela, kepha futhi longa isikhathi ngoba i-spool singafakwa endaweni yokwakha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomhlangano wesiza, ukuhlelwa kwangaphambili kungonga umkhiqizo futhi kuthuthukise ukuphepha.
Ukufakwa okuqondile kubalulekile ezintweni ezikuphehla ugesi, okungenye yezizathu zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa nokuqeqeshwa kwama-welders kubaluleke kakhulu. Kunzima ukuhlukanisa ikhwalithi yama-welds aqediwe ngokubheka, futhi nokuhlolwa noma i-X-ray akukwazi ukukhomba ama-welds abuthakathaka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukushisela okwenziwe ngendlela engafanele kungabiza kakhulu, okuholele ekulahlekelweni okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwezimali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukubonakala kokuhlanganiswa kwemishini okwenziwe ngemishini kungahlolwa, kube lula ukulawula ikhwalithi futhi kunike amandla abafaki ukuthi babe namakhono ayisisekelo okuqinisekisa ukuthi ilunga ngalinye lifakwe kahle. Lokhu kususa eminye imibhalo yokulawulwa kwekhwalithi edingekayo ekuhloleni kwe-welding, kufaka phakathi i-X-ray kanye / noma ukuhlolwa kwedayi okungena ngaphakathi.
Amalunga womshini nawo kulula ukuwagcina. Ngokwesiko, ukulungiswa kwamalunga ashiselwe kudla isikhathi esiningi futhi kuyabiza. Kodwa-ke, ukufaka esikhundleni samalunga ama-mechanical grooved kulula njengokuwafaka, futhi njengoba cishe wonke umuntu osebenza endaweni yokutshala ugesi angaqeqeshwa ukuyifaka esikhundleni semizuzu embalwa, ukonga izindleko ezinkulu kungatholakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Umdwebo 3). Uma ucabanga ukuthi isitshalo samandla esijwayelekile esingu-1 000 MW singakhiqiza u- $ 1 million ngemali engenayo ngosuku, ukunciphisa isikhathi lapho isizinda samandla sikagesi singaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi noma ngaphansi kwamandla aphelele kungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu.
3. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezixazululo zokushisela, ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-Victaulic kungenza abasebenzi basebenze kangcono. Ngokuzithoba: Victaulic
Izindwangu zokuxhuma zemishini zisetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi ezinhlelweni eziningi zezitshalo zamandla eziteshini zamandla eziningana eziphezulu. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 futhi bunerekhodi elithembekile.
Ngesikhathi sokuvalwa kwezitshalo okuqinile esitshalweni samandla kagesi ophehlwa ugesi eNew Jersey, isixazululo semishini yokuqhekeza savumela ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zokupholisa amanzi nezokuvikela umlilo ngaphakathi kwezingqinamba zesikhathi esinzima. Efektri esePennsylvania, izixhumi zemishini ezinemishini ezisetshenzisiwe zisetshenzisiwe ukucindezela imigqa yomoya nezinsimbi zomoya ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesikhathi esisheshayo sokwakha; ngokufanayo, ifektri ese-Arkansas yasebenzisa ithuluzi lomoya, umoya ocindezelweyo ngesizathu esifanayo. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa emoyeni, emanzini ahlanzekile nasemigqeni yamanzi yokupholisa. Kumsebenzi wokuguqulwa kwesitshalo samandla e-Alaska, umsebenzi wokushisa okuphezulu awuvunyelwe esizeni futhi abasebenzi abanamakhono bayashoda. Uhlelo lusebenzisa uhlelo lokuxhuma ipayipi lomshini wokukhulisa ukuthuthukela ohlelweni olungezelelayo lokuphakelwa kwamanzi we-turbine water, ngaleyo ndlela linikeze isisombululo Aluhlangabezani kuphela nemfuneko yokungenzi imisebenzi yokushisa okuphezulu, kepha futhi longa izinkulungwane zamaRandi emisebenzini nasekuhlelweni.
Njengeminye imikhakha eminingi, umkhakha wezokwakha nawo ungaphansi kwengcindezi yokwengeza ukusebenza kahle nokonga izindleko. Lokhu kubeka izimfuno eziphakeme kumnikazi, i-EPC nosonkontileka. Manje kunanini ngaphambili, kunesidingo sokuhlaziya nokusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokwenza ngempumelelo amaphrojekthi we-budget noma we-off-budget.
Lapho izimo zemakethe zilinganiselwe futhi zinesiyaluyalu, ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezinokwethenjelwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Yize kungabonakala njengokuphikisana nokuthatha indlela ehlukile kulezi zimo eziqinile, empeleni, kulokhu, izixazululo zendabuko zingaba yisithiyo esikhulu. Asikho isikhathi esingcono kunamanje sokucabanga ngokusebenzisa amasistimu wokuhlanganisa amapayipi we-Victaulic angaphandle kohlaka. ■
—UDan Christian ungunjiniyela waseVictaulic oqashelwe amandla nophethiloli kanye nomqondisi wemakethe yamandla omhlaba, kanti uChris Iasielo, PE ungungoti wokwenziwa kwamandla kaVictaulic.
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Isikhathi Iposi: Sep-02-2020